The executive responsible for an organization's information security strategy, policies, and risk management. CISOs bridge technical security operations and business leadership, ensuring security initiatives align with organizational objectives and compliance requirements.

The executive overseeing all aspects of physical and digital security within an organization. CSOs manage security teams, establish protocols, and coordinate incident response, often encompassing both cybersecurity and physical protection responsibilities.

The foundational security principles of Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability. This framework guides security decisions by ensuring data remains private, accurate, and accessible to authorized users while protected from unauthorized access or tampering.

The practice of securing communications and data through mathematical algorithms that encrypt information into unreadable formats. Cryptography protects sensitive data in transit and at rest, requiring decryption keys to restore original content.

A deliberate attempt to compromise, disrupt, or destroy information systems, networks, or data. Attacks range from automated malware campaigns to sophisticated operations targeting specific organizations for espionage, extortion, or sabotage.

Any event that compromises the confidentiality, integrity, or availability of information systems or data. Incidents include successful attacks, policy violations, system failures, and accidental breaches, regardless of malicious intent.

A simulated network environment where security teams practice responding to attacks without risking production systems. Cyber ranges replicate real-world scenarios, allowing professionals to test defenses and refine incident response procedures.

The practice of protecting networks, systems, and data from digital attacks, unauthorized access, and damage. Cybersecurity combines technology, processes, and policies to defend against threats while maintaining business operations and compliance.

Understanding your network architecture, asset inventory, current threats, and security posture in real-time. Situational awareness enables proactive threat detection and rapid response by maintaining visibility across the entire IT environment.