Automatic switching from primary systems to backup resources when failures occur, maintaining service continuity without manual intervention. Failover designs protect networks against hardware faults, link outages, and site-level incidents.
The inability of a system or component to perform required functions within acceptable performance parameters. Failures result from hardware malfunctions, software bugs, misconfigurations, or resource exhaustion, potentially causing service disruptions.
A security alert incorrectly flagging legitimate activity as malicious or suspicious. Excessive false positives create alert fatigue, wasting analyst time and potentially masking real threats among noise.
The ability of systems to keep operating correctly when individual components fail. Fault-tolerant architectures combine redundant hardware, alternative routing, and graceful degradation to keep services available during disruptions.
An authentication arrangement where users sign in once and access multiple independent systems across different organizations. Federation reduces password fatigue while maintaining security through standards like SAML and OpenID Connect.
An open authentication standard replacing passwords with cryptographic credentials stored on hardware tokens or device platforms. FIDO2 resists phishing because credentials never leave the device and cannot be replayed against fake sites.
Security controls that detect unauthorized changes to important system files, configurations, and binaries. FIM tools alert administrators when monitored files are modified, supporting both threat detection and compliance reporting.
Malicious code that operates entirely in system memory using legitimate tools and processes rather than dropping executable files. Fileless attacks evade signature-based antivirus by leaving no traditional artifacts on disk.
A network security device that filters traffic between networks based on predefined rules, blocking unauthorized access while permitting legitimate communications. Firewalls form the first line of defense in network perimeter security.
Cloud-delivered firewall capability replacing on-premises firewall hardware with a managed service. FWaaS forms one of the building blocks of SASE architectures, applying consistent policies to traffic regardless of user location or device.
The examination of network traffic metadata to understand communication patterns, detect anomalies, and investigate incidents. Flow analysis using NetFlow or IPFIX records protocol, port, and volume data without inspecting packet contents.
The reconnaissance phase where attackers gather information about target organizations from public sources before launching attacks. Footprinting collects domain records, employee details, technology stacks, and network ranges to plan exploitation.
The complete address of a host on the internet including hostname, domain, and top-level domain (for example, mail.example.com). FQDNs uniquely identify resources for DNS resolution, certificate validation, and access control rules.
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