The UK's National Cyber Security Centre providing technical guidance, threat intelligence, and incident response support to businesses and public sector organizations. NCSC helps organizations defend against cyber attacks and recover when breaches occur.

A 32-bit value defining which portion of an IP address represents the network and which represents individual hosts. Netmasks configure subnet boundaries, routing, and access controls within network segments.

Connected computing devices that communicate and share resources through wired or wireless infrastructure. Networks range from small local area networks to global internet connections enabling data transmission between systems.

A technique translating private IP addresses to public addresses for internet communication, hiding internal network structure. NAT conserves public IP addresses and provides basic security through address obfuscation.

Security platforms monitoring network traffic to detect and respond to threats that evade endpoint controls. NDR analyzes communication patterns, protocols, and payloads to identify lateral movement and data exfiltration.

The process of discovering and documenting all devices, connections, and services operating on a network. Network mapping creates inventory of assets, identifies unauthorized devices, and reveals potential security weaknesses.

The capability to maintain operations during disruptions, recover quickly from failures, and scale to meet unexpected demands. Resilient networks continue functioning in degraded modes while restoring full capabilities.

Processes and tools controlling network security configurations across firewalls, routers, and security devices. NSPM ensures consistent policy enforcement, automates rule changes, and maintains compliance across complex network environments.

Dividing networks into isolated subnetworks to limit lateral movement and contain breaches. Segmentation improves performance, simplifies compliance, and prevents attackers from accessing the entire network after initial compromise.

Infrastructure components enabling communication and resource sharing including routers, switches, firewalls, DNS, and DHCP. Network services require hardening and monitoring since they provide foundational connectivity attackers target.

Hardware devices connecting directly to network cables to capture and duplicate all passing traffic for monitoring. Network taps enable passive security monitoring without impacting network performance or reliability.

Intrusion detection systems monitoring network traffic for malicious activity by analyzing packets against known attack signatures and behavioral patterns. Network-based IDS provides visibility across multiple systems but cannot detect host-level compromises.

The National Initiative for Cybersecurity Education Framework defining cybersecurity work roles, skills, and competencies. NICE standardizes job requirements, helping organizations recruit qualified security professionals and develop training programs.

The National Institute of Standards and Technology providing cybersecurity frameworks, standards, and guidelines for federal agencies and private organizations. NIST's Cybersecurity Framework helps organizations manage and reduce cyber risks.

ASCII characters without visual representations, including control codes for line feeds, carriage returns, and system bells. Non-printable characters can hide malicious commands or data within seemingly innocent files.

Cryptographic proof preventing individuals from denying actions they performed, such as sending messages or approving transactions. Non-repudiation provides accountability through digital signatures and audit trails that verify authenticity.

Anonymous network connections to Windows systems that retrieve information like user accounts and shared resources without authentication. Null sessions enable reconnaissance and should be disabled to prevent information disclosure.