A digital mark associated with an electronic document to verify the signer's identity and intent. Electronic signatures provide legal validity for contracts and approvals without requiring physical paperwork or in-person presence.

The process of converting readable plaintext into encrypted ciphertext using cryptographic algorithms. Enciphering protects data confidentiality by making information unreadable without the corresponding decryption key.

Converting data from one format to another using a publicly known scheme, distinct from encryption which uses secret keys. Encoding like Base64 transforms data for transmission compatibility but provides no security protection.

Converting readable data into scrambled ciphertext that requires a decryption key to restore. Encryption protects sensitive information in transit across networks and at rest in storage, preventing unauthorized access to confidential data.

Security software installed on endpoints that monitors device behavior, detects threats, and enables rapid response to incidents. EDR provides visibility into endpoint activity but lacks coverage for network traffic and cloud services.

A structured approach to identifying, assessing, and mitigating risks across an entire organization. Risk management balances security investments against potential threats, ensuring controls align with business objectives and compliance requirements.

A security professional authorized to test systems by simulating attacks to identify vulnerabilities before malicious actors exploit them. Ethical hackers follow defined rules of engagement and report findings to improve defenses.

Any observable occurrence within an information system, such as user logins, file modifications, or network connections. Security tools analyze events to establish baselines and detect anomalies indicating potential incidents.

Unauthorized removal of data from an organization's network to attacker-controlled systems. Exfiltration occurs after initial compromise, often using encrypted channels to avoid detection while stealing intellectual property or customer records.

A technique or code that takes advantage of a software vulnerability to compromise systems. Exploits range from publicly available scripts targeting known flaws to zero-day attacks leveraging undisclosed vulnerabilities.

The examination of security vulnerabilities to determine how attackers could leverage them for system compromise. Analysis prioritizes remediation efforts based on exploit difficulty, potential impact, and attacker capabilities.

The condition where systems, data, or credentials remain accessible to unauthorized parties due to misconfigurations, weak controls, or unpatched vulnerabilities. Reducing exposure limits opportunities for attackers to gain initial access.

Security platforms that correlate data from endpoints, networks, cloud services, and applications to detect sophisticated threats. XDR extends EDR capabilities across the entire IT environment for comprehensive visibility.